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Reverberation Absorption Coefficient

Definition, 82001
Values for Typical Room Surfaces, 82001

Reverberation Time

Definition, 82001
Estimation, 82001

Reverse Thrust

Propellers, PERF ED1/2: discussion of use to decelerate aircraft, 85029; typical time delay for response, 85029
Turbo-Fan and Turbo-Jet Engines: discussion of use to decelerate aircraft, 85029; typical efficiency values and factors affecting effectiveness, 85029

Reynolds Analogy Factor

Definition, 69009
Formulae: laminar and turbulent boundary layer, 69009

Reynolds Number

see also: Transition

Effect on Aerodynamic and Flow Characteristics
Variation With Altitude and Mach Number: International Standard Atmosphere from - 0.5 km to 32 km, 73017
Variation With Altitude at Sonic Speed: International Interim Standard Atmosphere from 50 km to 80 km, 77021; International Standard Atmosphere from - 0.5 km to 32 km, 72018; International Standard Atmosphere from - 0.5 km to 50 km, 68046, 77021; off-standard atmospheres, 68046
Variation With Stagnation Conditions: for real air, 73017

Rheology

see: Non-Newtonian Fluids

Rib-Flange Joints

see: Skin-Rib Joints in Aluminium Alloys; Skin-Rib Joints in Composite Structures; Skin-Rib Joints in General; Skin-Rib Joints in Titanium Alloys

Ribs

see also: Flat Panels with Unflanged Integral Stiffeners

Rectangular- or Rounded-Section in Straight Pipes

see: Pressure Drop in Internal Flow

Rectangular- or Square-Section in External Flow

see: Excrescences

Use to Improve Static Pressure Recovery of Diffusers

suitable dimensions, 87015

typical improvement in annular and conical, 87015

Ridges

Rectangular- or Rounded-Section in Straight Pipes

see: Pressure Drop in Internal Flow

Rectangular- or Square-Section in External Flow

see: Excrescences

Ring-Oiled Bearings

Approximate Estimation of Equilibrium Temperature Rise

see: Self-Contained Bearing Assemblies

Ring Stiffeners

see: Circular Frames; Circular Frames Supported By A Shell; Elliptical Frames

Riveted Joints

see: Joints; Riveted Lap Joints in Aluminium Alloy Sheets; Skin-Rib Joints in Aluminium Alloys; Skin-Rib Joints in Composite Structures; Skin-Rib Joints in General; Skin-Rib Joints in Titanium Alloys

Riveted Lap Joints in Aluminium Alloy Sheets

Fatigue Strength Under Tension: effect of alloy composition, 79031; effect of dimpling, 79031; effect of geometry, 79031; effect of heat treatment, 79031; effect of mean stress, 79031; effect of rivet type, 79031

Rivets

Round-Headed in Straight Pipes

see: Pressure Drop in Internal Flow

Spherically-Headed in External Flow

see: Excrescences

R-M Diagram

see: Semi-Range/mean Stress Diagram

Road Tar

see: Asphalt; Bitumens

Rod-End Bearings

see: Dry Rubbing Bearings; Rolling Bearings for Specialised Applications; Self-Contained Bearing Assemblies

Rod-In-Crossflow

see: Cavities

Rods

Stress Concentration Data

see: Circular Holes in Round Rods and Tubes; Fillets in Round Rods and Tubes; Fillets of Double Radius in Round Rods and Tubes; Grooves of Flat-Bottomed Section in Rods; Grooves of U-Section in Rods; Shafts with Keyways

Rolling

Aircraft Stability and Response

see also: Derivatives

conditions for stability for inertia-coupled, 67006

critical roll rate for inertia-coupled, 67006, 67007

desirable characteristics for good aircraft handling qualities, 92006

discussion of origin and characteristics of roll subsidence mode, 86021

estimation of performance, PERF EG8/2

introduction to inertia-coupling in rapid, 67005

requirements for performance and time constant for military aircraft, 92006

stability boundaries for inertia-coupled, 67006, 67007

Material Treatment

see: Cold Rolling

Rolling Bearings

see also: Contact Phenomena; Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication; Grease in Rolling Bearings; Rolling Bearings for Specialised Applications; Self-Contained Bearing Assemblies

Approximate Frictional Resistance of Various Types, 81005
Calculation of Equivalent Dynamic and Static Load, 81005, 81037, 82014
Determination of Required Dynamic Load Rating, 81005, 81037: opposed pair arrangements, 81037; treatment of fluctuating and shock loads, 81005
Determination of Required Static Load Rating, 81005
Effects of Bearing Stiffness, 81005
Effects of Clearance and Pre-Load, 81005: in adjacent or opposed pairs, 81037
Guide to Applications Suitable (Journal Type), 65007
Guide to Applications Suitable (Thrust Type), 67033
Guide to Selection of Type and Arrangement: adjacent or opposed pairs, 81037; single row ball or cylindrical roller, 81005; types other than single row ball or cylindrical roller, 81037, 82014
Life Adjustment Factors: material/lubricant, 81005; operating conditions, 81005; required reliability, 81005
Limiting Speed for Various Types, 81005: adjacent or opposed pairs, 81037; effect of operating factors, 81005
Load Carrying Ability of Various Types: comparison for axial or radial load, 81037; comparison for various ratios of axial to radial load, 81037
Optimum Choice of Contact Angle for Single Pair Angular Contact Ball, 81037
Performance Characteristics of Various Types: adjacent or opposed pairs, 81037; limiting speed and load capacity, 81005; maximum misalignment, 81005
Prediction of Failure in Cam Follower Applications, 91026
Preferred Arrangements of Two Supporting Shaft, 81005
Recommended Lubricant Viscosity for Application, 81005
Selection of Design Life, 81005: assembly of four point contact ball and roller, 81037; effects of lubrication, required reliability and temperature, 81005
Selection of Dimensions: double row angular contact ball, 82014; double row cylindrical roller, 82014; double row spherical or tapered roller, 81037; single row angular contact ball or tapered roller, 81037; single row caged needle, 82014; single row cylindrical roller and single row radial ball, 81005

Rolling Bearings for Specialised Applications

see also: Contact Phenomena; Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication; Rolling Bearings

Advantages and Limitations of Various Types, 82014
Bearings With Housings and Plummer Blocks, 82014
Calculation of Equivalent Dynamic and Static Load, 82014
Dynamic Load Rating of Various Types, 82014
Typical Applications of Various Types, 82014

Rolling Friction Coefficient

see also: Aircraft Tyres

Tyre/Grass: typical values, 85029
Tyre/Runway: definition, 16008; derivation, 10002, 10003, 10004, 13002, 15007, 15008; typical values and discussion of factors influencing, 85029
Wheels and Tyres: sketch of typical behaviour with load and speed, 89044

Rolling Moment

see also: Rolling Moment Due To Rolling (L_p or C_lp); Rolling Moment Due To Rudder Deflection (L_ζ or C_{l Δ r}); Rolling Moment Due To Sideslip (L_v or C_{l β}); Rolling Moment Due To Yawing (L_r or C_lr)

Due to Ailerons: estimation at low speeds, 88013, 88040
Due to Spoilers (Perforated or Solid): estimation at low speeds with trailing-edge flaps deployed, 14005; estimation at low speeds with trailing-edge flaps undeployed, 14004
Information on the Use of Data Items on Rolling Moment Derivatives of an Aircraft, AERO A.06.01.00

Rolling Moment Due To Rolling (L_p or C_lp)

Effect of Interference on Wing From Cylindrical Body at Supersonic Speeds, AERO A.S.06.03.02
Fin and Tailplane Combined Contribution, 83006
Four- or Three-Wing Arrangements on Cylindrical Body: supersonic speeds, AERO A.S.06.03.01, AERO A.S.06.03.03
Rolling Moment Due to Rolling, AERO A.06.01.00
Use for Complete Aircraft of Data Items on Component Contributions: accuracy, 85010; comparison of experimental and predicted variation with incidence, 85010; examples, 85010
Wing Contribution: effect of dihedral at subsonic speeds, 85006; subsonic speeds, AERO A.06.01.01; supersonic speeds, AERO A.S.06.03.01

Rolling Moment Due To Rudder Deflection (L_ζ or C_{l Δ r})

Estimation at Low Speeds: from geometry of rear fuselage and empennage, 87008

Rolling Moment Due To Sideslip (L_v or C_{l β})

Body Contribution, 00025, 79006
Effect of Propellers, 06012
Effect of Wing-Body Geometry, 00025, 73006
Effect of Wing Position, 00025, 73006
Fin Contribution: single fin (fuselage height/width near unity, 00025, 82010; single fin merging into fuselage, AERO C.01.01.01; single or twin fins (range of fuselage height/width), 93007; tailplane-mounted twin fins, 92007
Flap Contribution, 00025, 80034
Nacelle Contribution (Propeller Type) on Wing, 00025, TM 178
Nacelle Contribution (Turbine Engine Type): rear fuselage mounted, 73006; underwing mounted, 00025, 73006
Program to Calculate for Complete Aircraft, 00025
Rolling Moment Due to Sideslip, AERO A.06.01.00
Tailplane Effects, 00025, 81032, 82010, 93007, TM 49
Use for Complete Aircraft of Data Items on Component Contributions: accuracy, 81032; comparison of experimental and predicted variation with incidence, 81032; examples, 00025, 81032
Wing Contribution in Attached Flow, 80033: dihedral effect, 00025, AERO A.06.01.03, AERO A.06.01.09

Rolling Moment Due To Yawing (L_r or C_lr)

Fin Contribution, 82017
Flap Contribution, 72021
Rolling Moment Due to Yawing, AERO A.06.01.00
Simplified Method of Estimation, 84002
Use for Complete Aircraft of Data Items on Component Contributions: accuracy, 84002; comparison of experimental and predicted variation with incidence, 84002; example, 84002
Wing Contribution, 72021: dihedral and twist effects, 72021

Root Diagram

see also: Root-Locus Diagram

Use in Control System Assessment and Design, 80018, 81008

Root-Locus Diagram

Explanation With Worked Example, 74020
Rules for Sketching, 74020
Use in Control System Assessment and Design: advantages and limitations, 81008; flowchart, 81008

Root Mean Square

Definition, 22001
Stress Response Due to Acoustic Loading

Rotary Seals

see also: Labyrinth Seals

Design of, 09004
Guidance Flowchart and Procedure for Selection of Type, 09004, 80012
Influence of Fluid Properties on Choice and Use: effect of abrasives content, 09004, 80012; effect of chemical/lubricating properties, 80012
Performance assessment, 09004
Special Arrangements Possible, 80012: use of buffer fluids, cooling, flush or quench, 80012
Types Available (Clearance, Face, Lip and Packed Gland): advantages and limitations, 09004, 80012; commercial availability and maximum size, 09004, 80012; life, 09004, 80012; maximum fluid pressure and shaft speed, 09004, 80012; radial, 09004; relative cost, leakage rate and power loss, 80012; shaft and housing finishes required, 09004, 80012; special design features that can be used, 09004, 80012; staggered, 09004; stepped, 09004; straight-through, 09004; typical applications, 09004, 80012

Rotating Disc Viscometer

see: Viscometers

Rotating Machinery

CFD Assessment, 15012
Flow Characteristics, 07004, 15012
Geometries Available: cavities, 07004, 15012; cylinder, 07004; disc, 07004
Labyrinth Seals, 09004
Rotor-stator, 07004, 09004, 15012: design of, 07004; performance assessment of, 07004

Rotation

Take-Off: example of manoeuvre for transport aircraft, 87018

Rotational Moment

Paraboloidal Antennas: effect of focal length and incidence, 82031; effect of perforated or slatted surface, 82031; effect of shear flow, 82031

Rotational Noise

see: Helicopter Noise; Propeller Noise; Turbomachinery Noise

Rotors

see also: Helicopter Noise

Single Central Mass Centrally Mounted on Flexible Shaft Running in Axial Groove Journal Bearings: database of linearised bearing damping and stiffness coefficients, 95023; out-of-balance response with speed dependent external load, 95023; prediction of oil-whip frequency, 95023; program to simulate dynamic behaviour at constant acceleration or speed, 95023; response to rotor imbalance, 95023; synchronous harmonic orbits for unbalanced response, 95023

Roughness

see also: Excrescences; Fouling; Fouling in Combustion Plant; Fouling in Cooling Water Systems; Magnification of Excrescence Drag By Pressure Gradient; Pressure Drop in Gas- or Vapour-Liquid Internal Flow

Bends (Circular-Arc, or Composite- or Single-Mitre)

effect of randomly distributed on pressure drop, 83037

Circular-Section Cylinders at Zero Incidence

effect of randomly distributed on mean skin friction, 73016

Circular-Section Cylinders Inclined or Normal to Flow

effect of randomly distributed on forces, 80025, 81017

Coils of Various Geometries

effect of randomly distributed on pressure drop, 77029

Cones at Zero Incidence in Supersonic Flow

effect of randomly distributed on mean skin friction, 73016

Definition of Aerodynamically Smooth Surface, 73016

Effective Height

asbestos cement, 66027, 83037

bituminous lining, 66027, 83037

brickwork, 66027, 80025, 81027, 81028, 83037, 84015

cast metals, 66027, 73016, 74040, 80025, 81027, 81028, 84015, 88014

concrete, 66027, 80025, 81027, 81028, 83037, 84015

drawn metals, 66027, 73016, 74040, 80025, 81027, 81028, 83037, 84015, 88014

galvanised metals, 66027, 73016, 74040, 80025, 81027, 81028, 83037, 84015

glass, 66027, 74040, 80025, 81027, 81028, 83037, 84015, 88014

hand- or machine-ground finish, 74040

marine roughened surfaces, 80025, 81027, 81028, 83037, 84015

maximum values consistent with no increase in mean skin friction, 73016

painted surfaces, 73016, 74040, 80025, 81027, 81028, 84015

plastics, 66027, 74040, 80025, 81027, 81028, 83037, 84015, 88014

polished metal and wood, 73016

sheet metals, 66027, 73016, 74040, 80025, 81027, 81028, 83037, 84015, 88014

steel, 66027, 74040, 80025, 81027, 81028, 83037, 84015

wood, 66027, 80025, 81027, 81028, 83037, 84015

Effect of Randomly Distributed on Aerofoil Maximum Lift, 84026

Effect of Randomly Distributed on Mean Skin Friction, 73016, AERO W.02.04.00

Effect of Randomly Distributed or Isolated on Transition, AERO W.02.04.09

Effect of Waviness on Transition, AERO W.02.04.11

Effect on Choice of Filter Rating for Lubrication Systems, 83030

Effect on Choice of Material for Dry Rubbing Bearings, 87007

Effect on Fatigue

general comments, 70018, 71009

when component is subject to fretting, 90031

Effect on Fatigue Life in Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication, 85027

Effect on Fatigue Limit

steels, 74027

Ejectors

effect of randomly distributed on component losses, 85032

Flat Plates at Zero Incidence

effect of randomly distributed on mean skin friction, 73016, AERO W.02.04.00

Frameworks of Tubular Members

effect of randomly distributed on forces and moments, 81027

Height of Randomly-Distributed Consistent With Laminar Flow, AERO W.02.04.09

In Relation to Lubricant Film Thickness

use in defining lubrication regimes, 85027, 94008, 94017

In Straight Ducts

effect of randomly distributed on heat transfer, 82021

effect of randomly distributed on pressure drop, 66027, 82021

effect of randomly distributed on pressure drop, boiling flow, 89039

effect of randomly distributed on pressure drop, condensing flow, 90024, 91023

effect of randomly distributed on pressure drop, non-Newtonian flow, 91025, 95012

effect of systematically distributed on heat transfer, 82021

effect of systematically distributed on pressure drop, 79014, 82021

Lattice Towers of Tubular Members

effect of randomly distributed on forces and moments, 81028

Multiple Parallel Frameworks of Tubular Members

effect of randomly distributed on forces and moments, 81027

Pairs of Circular-Section Cylinders Normal to Flow

effect on profile drag and sideforce, 84015

Peak-to-Valley Height Range for Steels

resulting from coarse to fine production techniques, 74027

Pipe Junctions

effect of randomly distributed on pressure drop, 73022, 73023

Rectangular-Section Cylinders With Rounded Edges Normal to Flow

effect of randomly distributed on forces, 71016

Runway

see: Fatigue Loading; Friction Coefficient; Planing of Aircraft Tyres; Runways

Square-Section Cylinders With Rounded Edges Normal to Flow

effect of randomly distributed on forces, 71016

Terrain

effective values, 82026, 84011, 84030, 85020, 86035, 88019

Tube Banks

effect of randomly distributed on pressure drop across, 74040, 79034

Typical Values

gears and rolling bearings, 85027, 89045

machined finish, 94017, 96002

Use to Improve Diffuser Performance

effect of distributed roughness or transverse ribs on pressure recovery, 87015

optimum position for roughness bands, 87015

Use to Improve Heat Exchanger Performance

see also: Shell-And-Tube Heat Exchangers

calculation of heat transfer for random or various systematic, 82021

calculation of heat transfer for twisted tape inserts, 95027, 97007

calculation of heat transfer from known friction factor, 82021

calculation of pressure drop for random or various systematic, 82021

calculation of pressure drop for twisted tape inserts, 95027, 97007

effect of various tube inserts including twisted tapes, 00041

Wedges in Supersonic Flow

effect of randomly distributed on mean skin friction, 73016

Wings

effect of isolated on transition position, AERO W.02.04.09

effect of randomly distributed on transition position, AERO W.02.04.09

Routh-Hurwitz Criteria

Stability of Linear Systems, 74019, 86021

Rubber

see also: Friction Coefficient

Rubbing Bearings

see: Dry Rubbing Bearings; Self-Contained Bearing Assemblies

Rudder

see also: Controls (Aerodynamic); Controls (Gap Sealed); Controls (with Gap); Hinge Moment

Calculation of Deflection Required in Steady Asymmetric Level Flight: estimation of order of magnitude, 01010; sideslipping, turning or with failed engine, 01010
Rolling and Yawing Moment, and Sideforce, Derivatives Due to Deflection: estimation at low speeds, 87008

Runge-Kutta Methods

Solution of First-Order Differential Equations With Initial Conditions: formulae of various orders, 86011

Runways

Accumulation of rainfall on runway surfaces, 19005

Aircraft Tyre Friction and Forces

see: Aircraft Tyres; Airworthiness Requirements; Friction Coefficient; Planing of Aircraft Tyres

Calculation of Runway Temperature from Ambient Pressure and Ambient Temperature, TM 188

Drag When Running Through Water, Slush or Snow, 10002, 10003, 10004, 15007, 15008, TM 165, TM 192

multi-wheel undercarriages rolling or braking, 13002, TM 165, TM 192

Flooded Runways

analysis of displacement and impingement drag, TM 192

Gradient

effect on airborne distance in landing from fixed screen height, 91032

Mumeter Mk 6: a continuous friction measuring device, TM 167

Pressure Under Tyre Footprint on Wet Surface, TM 211

Roughness Effect on Fatigue Loading

see: Fatigue Loading

Runway Contaminants and the Classification and Distribution of Hard Runway Surfaces, 15002

Side-force Coefficients on Aircraft Tyres in Yawed and Unbraked Motion on Dry and Wet Pavements, 10002, 13007, 15007

Statistical Techniques Applied to Data on Length and Width of Paved US

bivariate normal distribution, 96024

conditional, joint and marginal probability distributions, 96024

Runway Temperature

Calculation of Runway Temperature from Ambient Pressure and Ambient Temperature, TM 188

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