ESDU A-Z Index: CON-CQ

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

Condensers

see also: Condensing Flow in Pipes; Condensing Flow Over Low-Finned Tubes; Reflux Condensers; Shell-And-Tube Heat Exchangers

Advantages and Limitations of Various Types: coiled tube, 85022; direct contact, 85022; graphite, 85022; plate and plate-fin, 85022; shell-side, horizontal or vertical, 85022; tube-side, horizontal or vertical co-current flow, 85022; tube-side, vertical counter-current flow (reflux condenser), 85022
Choice of Coolant in Process Plant Design, 85022
Condensate Sub-Cooling in Tubular Condenser, 85022
Discussion of Cooling Curve, 85022
Guide to Selection, 85022
Notes on Condensing Process, 85022
Operating Problems: contamination or fouling, 85022; corrosion, 85022; draining or venting, 85022; erosion, 85022; fogging or freezing condensate, 85022; parallel-path instability, 85022; part-load operation, 85022; temperature pinch, 85022

Condensing Flow in Pipes

see also: Condensers; Heat Exchangers; Pressure Drop in Gas- or Vapour-Liquid Internal Flow; Two-Phase (Gas- or Vapour-Liquid) Flow

Calculation Procedure for Film Heat Transfer in Downward Vertical Annular Flow, 91024: accuracy, 91024; criterion for transition from annular-mist to annular flow, 91024; criterion for transition from annular to slug flow, 91024; database of experimental results and discussion of data used, 91024; local and mean coefficients, 91024; treatment of desuperheating and subcooling, 91024
Calculation Procedure for Film Heat Transfer in Horizontal Annular, Slug and Stratified Flows, 94041: accuracy, 94041; criterion for transition from annular to stratified flow, 94041; criterion for transition to plug/slug flow, 94041; effect of sub-cooling, 94041; local coefficient, 94041; provision of condensate drainage, 94041; range of experimental data used to develop correlation, 94041; use of multi-pass units, 94041
Calculation Procedure for Pressure Drop in Downward Vertical Annular/Dispersed Flow, 90024: accuracy as function of condensation number, density ratio (vapour/liquid) and quality, 90024; application to condensers, 90024; correction of predicted adiabatic pressure drop, 90024; database of experimental results and discussion of data used, 90024; program, 93014
Calculation Procedure for Pressure Drop in Horizontal Annular/Dispersed Flow, 91023: accuracy as function of condensation number, density ratio (vapour/liquid) and quality, 91023; application to condensers, 91023; correction of predicted adiabatic pressure drop, 91023; database of experimental results and discussion of data used, 91023; program, 93014

Condensing Flow Over Low-Finned Tubes

Downflow Over a Single Tube or In-Line or Staggered Tube Bundles: calculation method for condensate mass and film heat transfer, 01009; discussion of flow regimes, 01009; effect of fin and tube geometry, 01009; effect of fluid properties, 01009; effect of material thermal conductivity, 01009; effect of retained fluid between fins, 01009; gravity- or shear-controlled flow, 01009; range of experimental data used to develop calculation method, 01009

Conditional Probability

see: Random Processes; Statistics

Conduction Heat Transfer

see: Cylinders of Laminated Construction; Flat Rectangular Heated Plates; Heat Transfer; Joints; Refractory Lining Materials; Spherical Shells of Laminated Construction

Conductivity

see: Thermal Conductivity

Cone and Plate Viscometer

see: Viscometers

Cone Cylinders

see also: Base Drag (without Blowing or Jet Efflux); Base Drag with Central Propulsive Jet; Boat-Tailing; Bodies of Revolution; Boundary Layer; Equilibrium Surface Temperature; Flow Separation; Forced Convection Heat Transfer; Skin Friction Drag

Centre of Pressure and Pitching Moment With or Without Nose Blunting: incidences to 90 degrees and Mach numbers to 5, 89014, 90034
Lift Distribution and Pitching Moment: oscillating in bending, heave or pitch, 83010
Normal-Force-Curve Slope: zero incidence and Mach numbers to 5, 89008
Normal Force With or Without Nose Blunting: incidences to 90? and Mach numbers to 5, 89014, 90034
Pitching-Moment-Curve Slope: zero incidence and Mach numbers to 5, 89008
Pitching Moment Derivatives Due to Rate of Pitch and Acceleration in Heave: low incidence at supersonic speeds, with or without boat-tailing and fins, 91004
Planform Area and Its Centroid: with or without truncation or nose blunting, 77028
Sideforce at Mach Numbers Below 1.2 and Incidences Above 20 Degrees: discussion of sources, 89014; effect of Mach number and Reynolds number, 89014; effect of nose blunting, 89014; envelope of overall maximum with crossflow Mach number, 89014; typical axial distribution, 89014
Surface Area and Volume, Nose Angle or Radius of Curvature: with or without truncation or nose blunting, 77028

Coned Disc Springs

see: Disc Springs

Cones

see also: Afterbody; Boundary Layer; Cone Cylinders; Equilibrium Surface Temperature; Forced Convection Heat Transfer; Forebody; Skin Friction Drag

Aerodynamic Characteristics at Zero Incidence in Subsonic or Transonic Flow

normal-force-curve slope, 89008

pitching-moment-curve slope, 89008

Aerodynamic Characteristics at Zero Incidence in Supersonic Flow

flow deflection in conical flow field, 70009

Mach number for surface sonic flow, 70008, 70009, AERO S.00.03.13

Mach number in conical flow field and on surface, 70010

normal-force-curve slope, 89008

pitching-moment-curve slope, 89008

shock angle, 70008, AERO S.00.03.13

shock detachment conditions, 70008, 70009, 70010, AERO S.00.03.16

surface pressure, AERO S.00.03.13

Heat Transfer Through Truncated

see: Heat Transfer

With or Without Nose Truncation or Blunting

planform area and its centroid, surface area and volume, 77028

Configuration Factors

see: Radiation Heat Transfer

Conical Afterbody

see: Afterbody

Conical Cowl

see: Spillage Drag

Conical Diffusers

see also: Diffusers

Flow Regimes, 73024, 90025
Geometrical Relationship: area ratio, length and divergence angle, 73024, 90025
Methods of Improving Performance, 87015
Optimum Geometry for Maximum Pressure Recovery in Compressible Flow, 90025
Optimum Geometry for Maximum Pressure Recovery in Incompressible Flow, 73024
Static Pressure Recovery in Compressible Flow: fairing of inlet/diffuser junction effects, 90025; geometry effects, 90025; inlet velocity profile shape effects, 90025; Mach number effects (including approach to choking), 90025; Reynolds number effects, 90025; tailpipe effects, 90025; turbulence effects, 90025; upstream shock wave/boundary layer interaction effects, 90025
Static Pressure Recovery in Incompressible Flow: distributed roughness effects, 76027; geometry effects, 73024; inlet boundary layer effects, 73024; inlet swirl effects, 76027; tailpipe effects, 73024; turbulence effects, 73024
Total Pressure Loss: approximate derivation from static pressure recovery in compressible flow, 90025; derivation from static pressure recovery in incompressible flow, 73024; with tailpipe in incompressible flow, 73024

Conical Shock Waves

see: Shock Waves

Constitutive Equations

see: Non-Newtonian Fluids

Constrictions in Ducts

see: Sudden Contractions in Ducts

Contact Phenomena

see also: Cams; Geneva Mechanisms

Determination of Film Thickness in Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication: acceptable thickness for roughness of contacting components, 85027, 89045; three-dimensional (or point) contacts, 89045, 91038; two-dimensional (or line) contacts, 85027, 91037
Effect of Type of Contact on Wear Mechanism, 86040
Normally-Loaded Components: calculation procedure for stresses anywhere on or within components, 85007; contact area dimensions, 78035, 94034; deflections, 78035, 94034; depth of maximum shear stress below surface, 78035, 94034; discussion of effect of roughness, 78035; discussion of effect of tangential loading, 78035; discussion of effect of thin films, 78035; effect of circular, elliptical or rectangular contact area, 78035; failure prediction in brittle or ductile materials, 84017, 85007, 94034; graphs of maximum cyclic stress for fatigue failure prediction, 84017; graphs of maximum tensile and equivalent shear stresses, 84017; location of maximum range of orthogonal shear and its value, 94034; location of maximum tensile and equivalent shear stresses and their values, 94034; maximum shear stress below surface, 78035, 94034; program for stresses anywhere on or within components, 94034; stress distribution around contact area perimeter, 94034; stress distribution over cross section or along line through contact volume, 94034; surface stresses, 78035, 94034
Normally-Loaded Components With Gross Sliding: calculation procedure for stresses anywhere on or within components, 85007; contact area, dimensions and orientation, 94034; deflections, 94034; directions of contact motion and sliding, 94034; failure prediction in brittle or ductile materials, 84017, 85007, 94034; graphs of maximum cyclic stress for fatigue failure prediction, 84017; graphs of maximum tensile and equivalent shear stresses, 84017; location of maximum range of orthogonal shear and its value, 94034; location of maximum tensile and equivalent shear stresses and their values, 94034; program for stresses anywhere on or within components, 94034; stress distribution around contact area perimeter, 94034; stress distribution over cross section or along line through contact volume, 94034

Contaminated Runways

see: Accumulation of Rainfall; Aircraft Tyres; Friction Coefficient; Impingement Drag; Planing of Aircraft Tyres; Runways

Contaminated Water

see: Water Conservation in Process Plants

Contraction of Ducts

see: Sudden Contractions in Ducts

Controls (Aerodynamic)

see also: Ailerons; Controls (Gap Sealed); Controls (with Gap); Flaps; Hinge Moment; Indicial Aerodynamics; Rudder; Spoilers; Tab; Trim

Concept and Preliminary Design Examples of Applying Rapid Aerodynamic Analysis Tools to Three Classic Historical Configurations Designed to Similar Requirements, TM 207
Discussion of Effect on Drag of Mismatch of Control and Wing Profiles, 92039
Effect of Deflection of Plain Trailing Edge: on wing spanwise loading distribution in subsonic flow, 95010
Guidance on Contribution to Excrescence Drag, 93032, 94044
Lift-Curve Slope in Supersonic Flow, AERO A.S.01.03.02
Lift Variation With Control Deflection: three-dimensional flow, 74011, 74012
Normal Force, AERO F.05.01.01
Oscillating on an Aerofoil in Subsonic Flow: effect on lift, pitching and hinge moments, and pressure distribution, 81034; introduction to calculation of forces, moments and pressure, 82020
Oscillating on an Aerofoil in Supersonic Flow: effect on lift, pitching and hinge moments, and pressure distribution, 82005; introduction to calculation of forces, moments and pressure, 82020
Pitching Moment Variation With Control Deflection: two-dimensional flow, AERO C.08.01.01
Spanwise Centre of Pressure in Supersonic Flow, AERO A.S.06.03.04
Summary of Data Items on Controls, 21005

Controls (Gap Sealed)

see also: Controls (Aerodynamic)

Drag Increment Due to Chordwise and Spanwise Sealed Gaps: example of calculation for leading-edge slat and spoiler, 93032, ASTEROID; undeflected at low speeds, 92039, ASTEROID
Effect of Deflection in Subsonic or Transonic Two-Dimensional Flow: on drag, hinge and pitching moments, lift and pressure distribution, 01033; on drag, lift, pitching moment and pressure distribution, 96028, 96029; on shock-induced separation, 97030
Lift Variation With Control Deflection: two-dimensional flow, AERO C.01.01.03

Controls (with Gap)

see also: Controls (Aerodynamic)

Discussion of Effect of Gaps on Wing Aerodynamic Characteristics, 92039, ASTEROID
Drag Increment Due to Chordwise and Spanwise Gaps: example of calculation for aileron, 93032, ASTEROID; undeflected at low speeds, 92039, ASTEROID
Lift Variation With Control Deflection: two-dimensional flow, AERO C.01.01.04

Control Systems

Analysis

see: Dynamic Stability; Linear Systems; Non-Linear Systems; Sampled-Data Systems

Assessment

advantages and disadvantages of various methods, 81008

selection of method, 81008

Block Diagram Reduction and Equivalent Structures, 80018

Controllers and Filters, 80018

electrical and mechanical realisations, 80018

Design Considerations, 80018, 81008

Design of Digital Elements to Replace Analogue Elements

aliasing and folding frequency, 92044

Bode diagrams of gain and phase for various filters, 92044

frequency response characteristics, 92044

use of bilinear or impulse invariance transformation, 92044

Design Using Various Assessment Methods

Bode and root diagrams, 80018, 81008

examples, 81040

flowcharts, 81008

Nyquist and inverse Nyquist, 81008

Electrical Networks

transfer functions for active or passive circuits, 85026

Examples of Design in Practice

aircraft autopilot height controller, 81040

electromechanical instrument servo, 81040, 92044

rotating apparatus, such as TV camera, position controller, 81040

Feedback Shaping, 80018

Function of Elements, 80018

Mathematical Modelling of System to be Controlled, 80018

example of position controller for rotating apparatus such as TV camera, 81040

use of state equations, 80018

Need to Model Sensor Behaviour, 80018

Noise, 80018

use of filters to minimise, 80018

Pilot Interaction

acceptable stick force and stick force gradient, 92006

Resonance and Its Control, 80018

Sensitivity of Modes to Change in System Parameters, 80018

Servomechanisms of Various Types

basic mathematical representation and transfer functions, 85026

Synthesis

using modal control or performance index, 80018

Use of Z-Transform to Analyse Sampled-Data System

see: Z-Transform

Convection Heat Transfer

see: Forced Convection Heat Transfer; Free Convection Heat Transfer; Mixed Forced-Free Convection Heat Transfer

Conversion Factors

Acceleration and Velocity, 81002
Density, 81002, CF2, FMI1
Dynamic Viscosity, 68036, 81002, CF2, FMI1
Enthalpy, CF2
Flow Rate, 81002, CF2, FMI1
Force and Torque, 81002
General, CFA, CFS
Heat Flux, CF2
Kinematic Viscosity, 68036, 81002
Length and Volume, 81002
Mass, 81002
Polar Moment of Inertia, 81002
Power, 81002
Pressure and Stress, 80016, 81002, CF2, FMI1, PD1
Specific Heat Capacity, FMI1
Work, 81002

Cooling and Ventilation Systems

Guidance on Contribution to Aircraft Drag, 94044

Cooling Water

Conservation and Re-Use

see: Water Conservation in Process Plants

Fouling and Its Control

see: Fouling in Cooling Water Systems

Cooper-Harper Rating

Aircraft Handling Qualities, 92006

Copper Alloys

Bearing, Torsion and Shear Strengths 00932 (MMDH)
Composition of Specific Specifications 00932 (MMDH)
Corrosion Resistance 00932 (MMDH)
Density 00932 (MMDH)
Elastic Modulus in Tension 00932 (MMDH), 94017
Elastic Modulus of Rigidity 00932 (MMDH)
Electrical Conductivity 00932 (MMDH)
Elongation 00932 (MMDH)
Exfoliation Corrosion Resistance 00932 (MMDH)
Fracture Toughness 00932 (MMDH)
Poisson's Ratio 00932 (MMDH), 94017
Proof Stresses in Tension 00932 (MMDH)
Specific Heat Capacity 00932 (MMDH)
Stress Corrosion Resistance 00932 (MMDH)
Tensile Strength 00932 (MMDH)
Thermal Conductivity 00932 (MMDH)
Thermal Expansion Coefficient 00932 (MMDH)
Use as Hydrodynamic Bearing Materials: guide to selection, 88018
Weldability 00932 (MMDH)

Cornering Force

Yawed Rolling Unbraked Aircraft Tyre, 13007

Corner Section in Specially-Orthotropic Plates

Under Bending Moment, Radial Shear and Tangential Direct Load: loading to cause failure, 94019; prediction of failure in ply material or at ply interfaces, 94019; through-thickness radial and shear stresses, 94019

Correction Coefficient

Calculation of Static Pressure Correction Coefficient from Flight Test Data, 20007

Correlation Coefficient

see: Regression

Correlation Functions

see: Random Processes; Turbulence Near Ground

Corrosion

see also: Corrosion Resistance; Environment

Effect of Dry-Out on, 85041
Effect on Condenser Performance, 85022
In Combustion Plant: mechanisms involved in coal- or oil-fired, 92012
In Cooling Water Systems: chemical inhibiters, 88024; factors affecting, 88024; methods of control, 88024
Of Hydrodynamic Bearing Materials: conditions conducive to, 88018
Relative Effect of Various Synthetic Lubricants, 94020

Corrosion Resistance

see also: Anodising

Of Various Metallic Materials

aluminium, copper, magnesium and titanium alloys 00932 (MMDH)

nickel steels and steels 00932 (MMDH)

Selection of Coatings for

see: Wear Resistant Surface Coatings and Treatments

Corrosion Resistant Steels

see: Austenitic Stainless Steels; Duplex Stainless Steels; High Alloy Steels; Maraging Steels; Martensitic Stainless Steels; Precipitation Hardening Stainless Steels; Steels

Corrugated Core Sandwich

see: Flat Sandwich Panels (Corrugated Cores)

Corrugated Plates

Flexural Rigidities, 74022
Formulae for Equivalent Flexural Stiffnesses, 02009
Response to Dynamic Excitation by Treating as Equivalent Orthotropic Plate: design curves for radiation efficiency averaged in one-third octanve bands, 02009; program for averaged radiation efficiency, 02009; use of averaged radiation efficiency to calculate sound radiation, 02009
Under Shear: effect on buckling of method of attaching corrugations, 74022; local buckling stress for double- and single-sided attachment, 74022; overall buckling load and wave length, 74022; plasticity effects on local buckling, 74022; summary of experimental data, 74022

Costs

see: Dry Rubbing Bearings; Heat Exchangers; Lubricants; Shell-And-Tube Heat Exchangers; Temperature Measurement

Countersunk Holes

Distribution of Stress Concentration Factor Along Bore in Plate: loaded in tension or by out-of-plane bending, 93030

Counterweights

Comparison of Use With Other Methods of Balancing Planar Linkages, 89043: multiple weights to improve performance, 89043; single weight on constant velocity crank, 89043
Design Procedure for Complete Force Balancing Multi-Bar Linkages: determination of masses and their locations, 89028
Determination of Alignment and Mass of Rotating for Partial Balancing of Planar Linkages: Lanchester Balancer and generalised Lanchester Balancer, 90007; moment balancer, 90007; single weight, 90007

Coupling Loss Factor

see also: Statistical Energy Analysis

At Oblique Angles of Incidence, 15010
Averaged Coupling Loss Factors, 15010
Beam to Plate, 15010
Between a Plate and Cavity or Large Room, 15010: equation for calculation from known plate radiation efficiency, 00002
Equation for Connected Plates, 98020, 99009
Experimental for Cylinder to Honeycomb Plate Junction, 15010
Experimental for Plates at Right Angles, 15010
For Beams and Plates in Terms of Transmission Efficiency, 15010
For Plates at Right Angles, Intersecting Plates, Plates With Branch, 15010

Cover Plate Joints

see: Bolted Butt Joints with Cover Plates in Steels; Welded Joints in Steels; Welded Longitudinal Joints in Aluminium Alloys; Welded Transverse Joints in Aluminium Alloys; Welded Transverse Joints in Steels Under Axial Loading

Cowls

see also: Nacelle

Cowl Forebody and Afterbody Force Component, 16003

Drag Estimation at Subsonic Speeds

see also: Spillage Drag

drag rise Mach number, 81024

profile drag component (contributions from forebody, cylindrical midbody, afterbody), 81024

wave drag component, 81024

Drag Force, 16003

Estimation of Upwash, 90020

Forecowl Pressure Force in Inviscid Flow at Zero Incidence

variation with Mach number and mass flow ratio for NACA 1-Series and modified profiles, 94014

Forecowl Surface Pressure Distribution in Inviscid Flow at Zero Incidence

variation with Mach number and mass flow ratio for NACA 1-Series and modified profiles, 94015

Forecowl Wave Drag in Inviscid Flow at Zero Incidence

variation with Mach number and mass flow ratio for NACA 1-Series and modified profiles, 94014

NACA 1-Series External Profile Coordinates and Internal Lip Geometry, 84004, 94013

selection of realistic internal profile, 94013

simple curve fit, 94013

smoothed profile for computational fluid dynamics, 94013

Pre-Entry Force in Inviscid Flow at Zero Incidence

variation with Mach number and mass flow ratio for NACA 1-Series and modified profiles, 94014

Cow's Milk

Dynamic Viscosity: typical values, 66024

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