ESDU A-Z Index: PIT-PRD

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

Pitch-Break (Pitch-Up or Pitch-Down)

On Wings or Wing-Body Combinations: discussion of effect of wing flow field and planform shape on, 01005; prediction of type based on wing planform geometry, 01005

Pitching Moment

see also: Aerodynamic Centre; Airforce Coefficients; Centre of Pressure; Flutter Derivatives; Pitching Moment Due To Acceleration in Heave (M_{w dot} or C_{Mα dot}); Pitching Moment Due To Pitching (M_q or C_mq); Pitching-Moment-Curve Slope (M_W or C_mα); Trim; Unsteady Aerodynamics; Wind-Tunnel Corrections for Wings

Aerofoil Design to Optimise Using Multivariate Gradient Search and CFD Codes

introduction to method, 99019

Aerofoils

comparison of results from VGK with experimental results, 96028

estimation in viscous subsonic or transonic flow using VGK, 96028, 96029

Aerofoils at Angle of Attack

all high-lift devices, 03017

Aerofoils at Constant Angle of Attack

variation with increasing high subsonic Mach number, 90008

Aerofoils at Zero Angle of Attack

effect of double-slotted flaps, alone or with leading-edge high-lift devices, 01013, 99014

effect of leading-edge high-lift devices, alone or with trailing-edge flaps, 00029, 01013

effect of plain flaps, alone or with leading-edge high-lift devices, 01013, 98017

effect of single-slotted flaps, alone or with leading-edge high-lift devices, 01013, 99004

effect of split flaps, alone or with leading-edge high-lift devices, 01013, 98009

effect of triple-slotted flaps, alone or with leading-edge high-lift devices, 01013, 99014

Aerofoils at Zero Lift

in inviscid subsonic flow, 72024

program to predict for low-drag GUNACA-series, 99003

program to predict minimum for subcritical speeds, 06020

Aerofoils With Sealed Leading- and/or Trailing-Edge Controls or Flaps

effect of deflection in subsonic or transonic flow, 01033, 96028, 96029

Aircraft

increment due to ground effect, 72023

Biconvex Aerofoils, AERO W.S.00.03.04

Bodies of General Cross Section

elliptical, 05015

square with corner rounding, 07005

square without corner rounding, 04007

triangular without corner rounding, 04007

Controls

variation with control deflection, AERO C.08.01.01

Derivation of Pitching Moment Coefficient from Flight Test Data, TM 190

Double-Wedge Aerofoils, AERO W.S.00.03.04

Estimation of Nacelle and Flap Effects on Low-Speed Aerodynamic Centre and Zero-Lift Pitching Moment of Transport Aircraft (Tail-Off), TM 200

Flaps

see: Flaps; Interference; Jet/flap Interference

Flat Plates Inclined or Normal to Flow

circular, 70015

elliptical or semi-elliptical, 70015

rectangular or square, 70015

triangular, 70015

Forebody-Cylinders With Boat-Tailing

incidences to 90? and Mach numbers to 5, 87033, 89014, 90034

Forebody-Cylinders Without Boat-Tailing

incidences to 90? and Mach numbers to 5, 89014, 90034

Sharp-Edged Delta, Cropped Delta and Rectangular Wings of Low Aspect Ratio

in combination with axisymmetric body in supersonic flow to high angles of attack, 92043

isolated in supersonic flow to high angles of attack, 90013

Similarity Laws at Subsonic or Supersonic Speeds

applied to coefficient in axisymmetric flow, 97025

Similarity Laws at Subsonic, Supersonic or Transonic Speeds

applied to coefficient in two- or three-dimensional flow, 97025

Single or Contra-Rotating Propellers at Low Forward Speeds

due to local angle of sideslip, 89047

Slender Wings

increment due to ground effect, 71007

in free air, 71006

Viscous Full-potential (VFP) Method for Three Dimensional Wings and Wing-body Combinations

estimation of excrescence drag at subsonic speeds and analysis program, 23013

Wing-Fuselage Combination at Zero Lift

estimation for cambered and twisted wings and approximately circular-section fuselage, 89042

Wings

increment due to split flaps with trailing-edge forward of swept wing trailing edge, AERO F.08.01.02

increment due to split flaps with trailing-edge forward of unswept wing trailing edge, AERO F.08.01.01

Wings at Angle of Attack

all high-lift devices, 03017

Wings at Zero Angle of Attack With Full- or Part-Span Flaps

effect of drooped leading-edge, slats or sealed slats, 00029, 01013

effect of Kruger, vented or unvented, 00029, 01013

Wings at Zero Angle of Attack With Full- or Part-Span Leading-Edge High-Lift Devices

effect of double-slotted flaps, 01013, 99014

effect of leading-edge high-lift devices alone, 00029, 01013

effect of plain flaps, 01013, 98017

effect of single-slotted flaps, 01013, 99004

effect of split flaps, 01013, 98009

effect of triple-slotted flaps, 01013, 99014

Wings at Zero-Lift

effect of Mach number, 87001

effect of spanwise camber variation and twist, 87001

Wings With Camber and Twist

program for spanwise distribution in subsonic flow, 95010

Wings With Camber, Twist and With Plain Leading- and/or Trailing-Edge Flaps Deflected

program for spanwise distribution in subsonic flow, 95010

Pitching-Moment-Curve Slope (M_W or C_mα)

see also: Pitch-Break (Pitch-Up or Pitch-Down)

Aerofoils: prediction of initial non-linearity, 88030
Forebody-Cylinders With Boat-Tailing: zero incidence and Mach numbers to 5, 87033, 89008
Forebody-Cylinders Without Boat-Tailing: zero incidence and Mach numbers to 5, 89008
Wings: prediction of initial non-linearity, 88030
Wings or Wing-Body Combinations: effect on pitch-break characteristics, 01005

Pitching Moment Due To Acceleration in Heave (M_{w dot} or C_{Mα dot})

Contribution Due to Tailplane at Subsonic Speeds, 90010
Forebody-Cylinders at Low Incidence and Supersonic Speeds: with or without boat-tailing or fins, 91004

Pitching Moment Due To Pitching (M_q or C_mq)

Contribution Due to Body at Subsonic Speeds, 90010
Contribution Due to Tailplane at Subsonic Speeds, 90010
Contribution Due to Wing at Subsonic Speeds, 90010
Contribution Due to Wing at Supersonic Speeds, AERO W.S.08.03.02
Effect of Wing/Body Interference at Subsonic Speeds, 90010
Forebody-Cylinders at Low Incidence and Supersonic Speeds: with or without boat-tailing or fins, 91004

Pitot Intakes

see: Intakes; Spillage Drag

Pitot Pressure

see also: Anemometric Data Correction

Definition, 69026
Derivation of Indicated True Airspeed, TM 199
Equations and Graphs for Variation With Calibrated Airspeed and Mach Number, 69026

Pitot Probes

see also: Pitot-Static Probes

Measurement of Airspeed and Mach Number

see: Anemometric Data Correction

Position (Pressure) Error, 83029, 85036, 86006

calibration of pressure air data systems, 20006

sources of, 86006

typical values due to local flow incidence, 86006

Typical Flow Measurement Errors, 85011

Pitot-Static Probes

see also: Impact Pressure; Pitot Probes; Static Pressure Sensors

Graphs of Total/Static Pressure Ratio in Supersonic Flow, AERO S.00.03.15

Pivots

see: Dry Rubbing Bearings; Flexure-Pivots; Linkages

Plain Flaps

see also: Downwash; Flaps; Hinge Moment; Interference; Leading-Edge High-Lift Devices

Drag Increment Due to Chordwise and Spanwise Sealed or Unsealed Gaps: undeflected at low speeds, 92039
Effect of Deflection in Subsonic Flow of Leading- and/or Trailing-Edge: on wing loading distribution, 95010
Effect of Deflection in Subsonic or Transonic Two-Dimensional Flow: on drag, hinge and pitching moments, lift and pressure distribution, 01033; on drag, lift, pitching moment and pressure distribution, 96028, 96029; on shock-induced separation, 97030
Effect on Maximum Lift of Wings, 91014
Introduction to Data Items on Effect of High-Lift Devices on Drag and Lift, 97002
Lift Increment Due to Deployment on Aerofoils at Zero Angle of Attack: alone or with leading-edge high-lift devices, 94026, 94027, 94028
Lift Increment Due to Deployment on Wings at Zero Angle of Attack: alone or with leading-edge high-lift devices, 96032, 97002, 97011
Maximum-Lift Increment Due to Deployment on Aerofoils: alone or with leading-edge high-lift devices, 94026, 94027, 94028
Maximum-Lift Increment Due to Deployment on Wings, 91014: with leading-edge high-lift devices, 92031
Normal Force, AERO F.05.01.01
Pitching Moment Increment Due to Deployment on Aerofoils and Wings: alone or with leading-edge high-lift devices, 01013, 03017, 98017
Profile Drag Increment Due to Deployment on Wings, 06014, 87024, AERO F.02.01.07
Trailing Vortex Drag Increment Due to Deployment on Cambered and Twisted or Plane Wings: program for estimation for any flap and wing geometry, 01007; tabulated values for selected flap and wing geometries, 01007

Planar Shapes and Sections With/without Holes

Program for Calculation of Area, Moments of Area and Principal Axes, 02007, TM 119

Plane Strain

Conditions for, 80036
Definition, 72013, 80036

Plane Stress

Conditions for, 80036
Definition, 72013, 80036

Plane-Walled Diffusers with Single-Plane Expansion

see also: Diffusers

Flow Regimes for Turbulent or Laminar Entry Flow, 74015
Geometrical Relationships, 74015
Methods of Improving Performance, 87015
Optimum Geometry for Maximum Pressure Recovery, 74015
Static Pressure Recovery: aspect ratio effects, 74015; asymmetry effects, 74015; geometry effects, 74015; inlet boundary layer effects, 74015; inlet turbulence effects, 74015; roughness effects, 74015; tailpipe effects, 74015
Total Pressure Loss: derivation from static pressure recovery, 74015; with tailpipe, 74015

Planing of Aircraft Tyres

Accumulation of rainfall on runway surfaces, 19005
Parameters that effect planing: effect of runway surface macro-texture depth on planing speed, 15003, 15009; effect of tyre diameter on planing speed, 15003, 15009; effect of tyre inflation pressure on planing speed, 15003, 15009; effect of tyre width on planing speed, 15003, 15009; effect of water depth on planing speed, 15003, 15009
Partial Planing Speed, Complete Planing Speed, 15003
Pressure Under Tyre Footprint, TM 211

Plant Design

see: Combined Heat and Power Systems; Process Integration; Water Conservation in Process Plants

Plasticity

see: Aluminium Alloys; Beams in General; Beams of Angle Section; Beams of Any Hollow or Solid Polygonal Section; Beams of Channel Section; Beams of Circular Section; Beams of I-Section; Beams of Rectangular Tubular Section; Beams of T-Section; Beams of Unlipped Z-Section; Bonded Double- or Single-Lap Joints; Bonded Double-Lap Joints; Bonded Single-Lap Joints; Corrugated Plates; Crack Propagation; Cylinders of Circular Section (Strength and Vibration); Flange Buckling; Flat Panels with Flanged Integral Stiffeners; Flat Panels with Lipped or Unlipped Z-Section Stiffeners; Flat Panels with Top-Hat Section Stiffeners; Flat Panels with T-Section Integral Stiffeners; Flat Panels with Unflanged Integral Stiffeners; Flat Panels with Unlipped Z-Section Stiffeners; Flat Rectangular Plates; Flat Sandwich Panels (Cores of Negligible Flexural Stiffness); Flat Sandwich Panels (Corrugated Cores); Flat Sandwich Panels (Isotropic Cores); Flat Strips of Isotropic Materials; Materials Properties; Steels; Stress Concentration; Stress Intensity Factors; Stress-Strain Curves; Struts in General; Struts of Channel Section; Struts of I-Section; Struts of Lipped or Unlipped Z-Section; Struts of Tubular Section

Plastics

see also: Roughness

Use as Cam Materials

see: Cams

Use as Dry Rubbing Bearing Materials

see: Dry Rubbing Bearings

Use as Seal Materials

see: Reciprocating Seals

Plate-Fin Heat Exchangers

see also: Heat Exchangers

Approximate Design of Multi-Stream Using Process Integration, 97006: worked example comparing with use of a network of exchangers, 97006
Cost Assessment Method Based on Active Volume Alone Using Volumetric Heat Transfer Coefficients: film volumetric heat transfer coefficient for various fluids for use in calculation, 97006; multi-stream up to six streams, 97006
Detailed Cost Data for Various Fluids as Function of Heat Load for Two-Stream Exchangers, 97006: effect of change from aluminium to stainless steel, 97006; effect of pressure, 97006; effect of single- or two-phase fluids, 97006; use in selection of heat exchanger type for given duty, 92013
Typical Applications With Approximate Pressure and Temperature Ranges, 97006
Typical Construction Details and Materials, 97006

Plate Heat Exchangers (Gasketed or Welded)

see also: Heat Exchangers

Detailed Cost Data for Various Fluids as Function of Heat Load and Operating Pressure, 95007: comparison with shell-and-tube for comparable duty, 95007; effect of changing from gasketed to semi welded, 95007; effect of plate material and operating pressure, 95007; effect of single- or two-phase fluids, 95007; use in selection of heat exchanger type for given duty, 92013
Thermal Effectiveness - NTU Method for Design and Performance Rating: charts of thermal effectiveness in co- or counter-current flow, 98005; effect of even or odd number of thermal plates, 98004, 98005; maximum heat transfer effectiveness, 98005

Plates

Aerodynamic and Flow Characteristics

see: Boundary Layer; Boundary Walls and Fences; Centre of Pressure; Hoardings (Elevated Above Ground Level); Normal Force; Orifices; Perforated Plates; Pressure Distribution; Skin Friction Drag; Wave Drag

Endurance Under Acoustic Loading

see: Integrally-Machined Panels

Heat Transfer

see: Equilibrium Surface Temperature; Flat Rectangular Heated Plates; Forced Convection Heat Transfer; Free Convection Heat Transfer; Radiation Heat Transfer

Orifice

see: Orifices

Perforated

see: Perforated Plates

Stress Analysis

see also: Corner Section in Specially-Orthotropic Plates; Corrugated Plates; Curved Rectangular Plates; Curved Specially-Orthotropic Rectangular Plates; Curved Square Plates; Flat Circular Plates; Flat Panels in General; Flat Parallelogram Panels; Flat Parallelogram Plates; Flat Plates Tapered in Plan; Flat Rectangular Heated Plates; Flat Rectangular Plates; Flat Rectangular Plates Tapered in Thickness; Flat Sandwich Panels (Cores of Negligible Flexural Stiffness); Flat Sandwich Panels (Corrugated Cores); Flat Sandwich Panels (Truss Cores); Flat Specially-Orthotropic Rectangular Plates; Flat Specially-Orthotropic Square Plates; Flat Square Plates; Flat Square Plates with Central Circular Hole; Flat Square Plates with Central Flanged Circular Hole; Flat Strips of Isotropic Materials; Flat Strips of Orthotropic Materials; Flat Triangular Plates; Flat Unbalanced Laminated Rectangular Plates; Laminated Construction Using Composites; Stresses At Free Edges

Stress Concentration Data

see: Adjacent Circular Holes in Flat Plates; Circular Holes in Bars or Strips; Circular Holes in Flat Plates; Circular Holes in Orthotropic Plates; Countersunk Holes; Elliptical Holes in Flat Plates; Fillets in Bars or Strips; Notches with Flat Bottoms in Bars or Strips; Notches with Flat Bottoms in Edge of Plate; Rectangular Holes in Flat Plates; Reinforced Circular Holes in Flat Plates; Reinforced Circular Holes Near Edge of Flat Plates; Reinforced Elliptical Holes in Flat Plates; Reinforced Square Holes with Rounded Corners in Flat Plates; Reinforced Triangular Holes in Flat Plates; Slots in Bars or Strips; Square Holes with Rounded Corners in Flat Plates; Stress Concentration; Triangular Holes with Rounded Corners in Flat Plates; U-Notches in Bars or Strips; U-Notches in Edge of Plate

Stress Intensity Factors

see: Stress Intensity Factors

Stress Response to Acoustic Loading

see: Curved Rectangular Plates; Curved Sandwich Panels (Cores of Negligible Flexural Stiffness); Curved Specially-Orthotropic Rectangular Plates; Flat Panels in General; Flat Rectangular Plates; Flat Sandwich Panels (Cores of Negligible Flexural Stiffness); Flat Specially-Orthotropic Rectangular Plates

Vibration

see: Curved Rectangular Plates; Curved Sandwich Panels (Cores of Negligible Flexural Stiffness); Curved Specially-Orthotropic Rectangular Plates; Curved Unbalanced Laminated Rectangular Plates; Flat Panels in General; Flat Rectangular Plates; Flat Sandwich Panels (Cores of Negligible Flexural Stiffness); Flat Specially-Orthotropic Rectangular Plates; Flat Specially-Orthotropic Square Plates; Flat Square Plates; Flat Unbalanced Laminated Rectangular Plates; Noise; Response of Lightweight Structures

Plate Viscometer

see: Viscometers

Plating

see: Cadmium Plating; Chromium Plating; Cladding; Nickel Plating; Roughness; Wear Resistant Surface Coatings and Treatments; Zinc Plating

Platinum Resistance Thermometers

see also: Temperature Measurement

Advantages and Limitations, 02006, 06019
Calibration and Hysteresis Effects, 06019
Cost Relative to That of Other Temperature Measuring Techniques, 02006
Methods of Measuring Resistance, 06019
Possible Circuits, 06019
Resistance/Temperature Relationships, 02006, 06019
Response Times, 02006, 06019
Self-Heating Effects, 06019
Use in Measuring Bulk or Surface Temperature, 06019
Various Types of Designs Available, 02006, 06019: accuracy and temperature range, 02006, 06019; dimensions, 06019

Plies

see: Laminated Construction Using Composites

Plug Flow

see: Condensing Flow in Pipes; Two-Phase (Gas- or Vapour-Liquid) Flow

Plug Valves

Pressure Drop Across in Single-Phase Flow, 69022, 89012
Pressure Drop Across in Two-Phase Gas- or Vapour-Liquid Flow, 89012

Point Estimates

Statistics: definition, 91041, 92040

Poisson's Ratio

see also: Aluminium Alloys; Copper Alloys; Magnesium Alloys; Nickel Steels; Steels; Titanium Alloys

Estimated Values for Metallic Materials in Inelastic Region, 76016, 89052
Values for Various Ceramic, Metallic and Polymer Materials, 78035, 84041, 85027, 96002
Values for Various Metallic and Polymer Materials, 94017
Values for Various Piping Materials, 83046

Polishing

Effect on Fatigue Strength of Shot Peened Aluminium Alloys, 19004
Resulting Surface Roughness for Steels and Effect on Fatigue Limit, 74027
Surface Wear of Cam/Follower, 94017

Polyglycols

see: Lubricants

Polymers

Comparison of Physical Properties With Those of Ceramics and Metals, 84041

Density, 84041

Melting or Softening Temperature, 84041

Poisson's Ratio, 78035, 84041, 85027, 94017, 96002

Selection and Use for Dry Rubbing Bearings

see: Dry Rubbing Bearings

Thermal Conductivity and Expansion, and Specific Heat Capacity, 84041

Use as Material to Provide Additional Structural Damping, 91012

effects of frequency and temperature on loss factor and modulus, 91012, 92001

variation of loss factor and modulus with frequency and temperature for specific, 92001

Young's Modulus, 78035, 84041, 85027, 94017, 96002

Polynomials

see: Cams; Curve Fitting

Polyol Esters

see: Lubricants

Polyphenyl Ethers

see: Lubricants

Poppet-Type Valves

Pressure Drop Across, 69022

Porosity

see also: Acoustic Absorption Coefficient; Acoustic Impedance; Internal Pressure; Perforated Plates; Spoilers

Effect on Insulating Properties of Refractories

see: Refractory Lining Materials

Effect on Mean Forces and Moments Due to Wind or Other Fluid Flows

paraboloidal antennas, 82031

Effect on Shelter From Wind Provided by Fences

see: Boundary Walls and Fences

Round-Wire Gauzes, 72009

Porous Metal Bearings

see also: Self-Contained Bearing Assemblies

Guidance on Typical Values of Friction Coefficient, 89044
Journal Type: guide to applications, 65007
Thrust Type: guide to applications, 67033

Position Error

see: Anemometric Data Correction

Post Buckling

see: Flat Panels in General

Post Dry-Out Heat Transfer

see: Boiling Flow in Pipes

Post-Exit Thrust

Thrust-drag Accounting From Flight Test Data, 16003
Turbo-Jet Engines: definition, 69006

Potassium/sodium Eutectic Solution

see: Sodium/potassium Eutectic Solution

Potential Flow Equation

Solution by Finite Difference Techniques: aerofoils in subsonic and transonic flow, 79009

Pour Point

Definition, 71003

Power

Aircraft: conditions for minimum, 81026; estimation of effect of small changes on level speed, 86004; estimation of effect of small changes on rate of climb, 94039
Turbine Helicopters: performance analysis to obtain requirement for hover, 73027; performance analysis to obtain requirement for level speed, 74042

Power Law Body

Planform Area and Its Centroid, 77028
Surface Area and Volume, Nose or Tail Angle or Radius of Curvature, 77028

Power Spectral Analysis

see: Random Processes

Power Spectral Density Function

Bandwidth Correction, 17011
Definition, 17011
Relation to Spectrum Level, 17011

Prandtl

Friction Law for Hydraulically-Smooth Pipes, 66027

Prandtl-Glauert Compressibility Factor

Velocity Distribution on Aerofoils, 72025

Prandtl-Meyer Expansion

see: Simple-Wave Flow

Prandtl Number

See under substance of interest

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