ESDU A-Z Index: FORG-FZ

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

Forgings

See under material of interest

Form Drag

see also: Pressure Drag

Bodies: brief discussion, AERO B.S.02.03.01

Form Factors

see: Beams in General; Beams of Angle Section; Beams of Channel Section; Beams of Circular Section; Beams of I-Section; Beams of Rectangular Tubular Section; Beams of T-Section; Beams of Unlipped Z-Section

Form Rolling

see: Screw Threads; Splined Steel Shaft Assemblies

Fouling

see also: Fouling in Combustion Plant; Fouling in Cooling Water Systems

Cleaning Methods, 86038

Discussion of Influence on Heat Exchanger Performance

see also: Fouling in Crude Oil Distillation Plant

effect on flow distribution, 86038

effect on heat transfer, 86038

effect on operating costs, 86038

effect on pressure drop, 86038

heat flux resistance, 86038

Effect on Condenser Performance, 85022

Mechanisms, 00016, 86038, 88024, 92012

effect of temperature and velocity, 00016, 86038

Possible Mitigation in Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchangers

by using tube inserts, 00016, 00041, 97007

Taking Account of Resistance Due to

in design and operation of heat exchangers, 86038

in design of shell-and-tube heat exchanger networks using process integration, 00043

Use of Antifoulants, 00016, 86038

Fouling in Combustion Plant

Assessment of Coal Ash Fouling Potential: ash, chlorine, sodium oxide and total alkali content, 92012
Assessment of Coal Ash Slagging Potential: base/acid ratio, silica ratio, slagging index, viscosity indices, 92012; temperature indicators and comparison of national standards, 92012
Assessment of Gas and Oil Fouling Potential: Conradson carbon residue, 92012; Ramsbottom carbon residue, 92012
Cleaning Off-Line: dry, 92012; steam or water, 92012
Cleaning On-Line: chemical, shot, sonic techniques, sootblowing, water lancing, 92012
Definitions of Fouling and Slagging, 92012
Design Implications: air preheater and radiant section, 92012
Emission Limits for Incineration Plants, 92012
Gas Side Fouling Factors (Resistances), 92012
Mechanisms of Combustion and Effect on Fouling: coal, natural gas, oil or waste fuel, 92012
Mechanisms of Deposition: adhesion, chemical reaction, corrosion, particulate, vapour diffusion, 92012
Use of Additives to Reduce Deposition, 92012
Use of Fuel Blending and Preparation to Reduce Deposition, 92012

Fouling in Cooling Water Systems

Cleaning Methods, 88024
Control: biological treatment methods, 88024; chemical treatment methods, 88024; operational techniques, 88024
Cooling Towers: effect of drift and windage on make-up water needs and polution, 88024
Corrosion and Its Control, 88024
Design Considerations to Minimise and Control, 88024
Detailed Discussion of Biocides Used, 88024
Devices for Assessment, 88024
Effect on Materials, 88024
Filtration to Control Particulate, 88024
Scale Control: chemical treatment methods, 88024
Sources of, 88024
Sources of Water and Effect on Fouling, 88024
Typical Resistance Values: dependence on material, 88024; dependence on temperature, 88024; dependence on velocity and water quality, 88024
Visual Evidence for Various Types, 88024

Fouling in Crude Oil Distillation Plant

Control: costs of antifoulant use, 00016; use of dispersants or antioxidants, 00016
Description of Mechanisms for Asphaltene Deposition and Coking, 00016
Discussion of Sources, 00016
Economic Effects: additional energy use, plant down-time and mitigation costs, 00016
Effect in Pressure Drop in Tubes, 00016
Environmental Effects: additional carbon dioxide generation, 00016; disposal of cleaning fluids, 00016
Equation for Estimating Rate of, 00016
Estimation: model for rate of fouling build-up, 00016
Factors Affecting Rate of: asphaltene content of crude and formation of iron sulphide, 00016; desalting, 00016; impurities (including particulates, oxygen, nitrogen and sulphur), 00016; oil properties and mixing oils from different sources, 00016; surface material and its condition, 00016; temperature (and Arrhenius equation to model effects), 00016; velocity, 00016
Heat Exchanger Design to Minimise: increasing surface shear stress by increasing flowrate, 00016; use of helical flow bafflles, rod baffles or twisted tubes, 00016; use of inside tube inserts (wire matrix or moving elements), 00016; use of low fin tubing, 00016; use of program ENTRANS to assess benefits of tube inserts, 00041, 97007; use of program EXPRESS for, 00016, 00042; use of program REVISE for, 00016, 00042
Mixing Oils from Different Sources: definition of compatibility, insolubility number, solubility blending number, 00016; effect in asphaltene solubility, 00016
TEMA Fouling Factors, 00016
Threshold Conditions Below Which No Fouling Occurs: equation for prediction, 00016; graphical presentation to locate heat exchangers in train liable to fouling, 00016; use of program EXPRESS to check if heat exchanger operates within, 00042; use of program REVISE to check if heat exchanger operates within
Typical Fouling Factors, 00016

Four-Bar Linkages

see: Balancing of Linkages; Crank-Rocker Mechanisms; Force Balancing of Linkages; Linkages; Moment Balancing of Linkages; Slider-Crank Mechanisms

Fourier Transform

see: Random Processes

Fowler Flaps

see: Slotted Flaps

Fracture Mechanics

see also: Aluminium Alloy Bars and Plates; Aluminium Alloy Forgings; Aluminium Alloy Sheets; Aluminium-Lithium Alloy Bars; Aluminium-Lithium Alloy Plates and Sheets; Austenitic Stainless Steels; Crack Propagation; Duplex Stainless Steels; Fracture Toughness; High Alloy Steels; High Tensile Low Alloy Steels; Low Tensile Low Alloy Steels; Maraging Steels; Martensitic Stainless Steels; Precipitation Hardening Stainless Steels; Stress Intensity Factors; Threshold Stress Intensity Factor Range; Titanium Alloy (Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al); Titanium Alloy (Ti-11Sn-5Zr-2Al-1Mo); Titanium Alloy (Ti-2.5Cu); Titanium Alloy (Ti-4Al-3Mo-1v); Titanium Alloy (Ti-4Al-4Mo-2Sn-0.5Si); Titanium Alloy (Ti-4Al-4Mo-4Sn-0.5Si); Titanium Alloy (Ti-5Al-2.5Sn); Titanium Alloy (Ti-6Al-2Sn-2Zr-2Mo); Titanium Alloy (Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo); Titanium Alloy (Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-6Mo); Titanium Alloy (Ti-6Al-4V); Titanium Alloy (Ti-6Al-5Zr-0.5Mo-0.25Si); Titanium Alloy (Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn); Titanium Alloy (Ti-8Al-1Mo-1V); Titanium Alloys; Titanium Sheets

Fatigue of Welded Joints: comparison of calculated strength with experimental data, 87016; use to show independence of parent material properties, 86013
Introduction to Principles: use in analysis of cracked components under fatigue or static loading, 80036
Use in Analysis of Behaviour of Short Cracks, 92023, 92030
Use in Design for Infinite Life: circlip grooves, 79032
Use to Estimate Effect of Fretting on Fatigue Strength, 90031
Use to Predict Delamination at Ply Drop-Off: tapered laminated plate, 91003

Fracture Toughness

Aluminium Alloys: consideration of effect of rate of loading, 96013; effect of grain orientation, 96013; effect of material specification and heat treatment, 96013; statistical analysis for design values with chosen confidence and probability levels, 96013; values at room temperature 00932 (MMDH); variation with temperature, 96013
Copper, Magnesium and Titanium Alloys: values at room temperature 00932 (MMDH)
Definition, 80036, 83023
Steels: consideration of effect of rate of loading, 83023; effect of grain orientation, 83023; effect of material specification and heat treatment, 83023; statistical analysis for design values with chosen confidence and probability levels, 83023; values at room temperature 00932 (MMDH), 17003; variation with temperature, 83023
Variation With Stress Conditions and Crack Growth Rate, 80036
Various Sheet Materials: crack growth resistance curves (R-curves), 20003, 80036; critical crack length, 20003, 80036; residual strength, 20003, 80036

Frames

see: Circular Frames; Circular Frames Supported By A Shell; Elliptical Frames

Frameworks of Flat Sided And/or Tubular Members

Dynamic Response to Turbulence and Wind

see: Response of Buildings and Structures; Response of Buildings and Structures To Atmospheric Turbulence

Mean Forces and Moments Due to Wind or Other Fluid Flows

see: Overturning Moment on Surface-Mounted Structures; Profile Drag; Sideforce; Torsional Moment on Structures

Mechanical Vibration Characteristics

see: Buildings

Free Convection Heat Transfer

see also: Forced Convection Heat Transfer; Heat Transfer

Reynolds-Prandtl Number Regimes for Existence: in horizontal or vertical flow in circular-section ducts, 92003
To or From Horizontal Circular-Section Cylinder or Outside Tube: correlation equation for gases and liquids, 69004, 77031; effect of non-uniform surface temperature distribution, 77031; effect of variable fluid properties, 69004; effect of vibrations, 77031; simplified correlation equation for atmospheric air, 77031
To or From Horizontal, Inclined or Vertical Flat Plates: correlation equation for gases and liquids, 77031; effect of laminar or turbulent flow, 77031; effect of non-uniform surface temperature distribution, 77031; effect of stratification of surroundings, 77031; effect of vibrations, 77031; simplified correlation equation for atmospheric air, 77031
To or From Spheres: correlation equation for gases and liquids, 77031; effect of non-uniform surface temperature distribution, 77031; effect of stratification of surroundings, 77031; effect of vibrations, 77031; simplified correlation equation for atmospheric air, 77031
To or From Various Elementary Components for Use in Calculation of Bearing Temperature: horizontal or vertical cylinder or plate, plummer block, shaft, 78029, 97019
To or From Vertical Circular-Section Cylinder or Outside Tube: correlation equation for air, 69004; correlation equation for gases and liquids, 77031; effect of laminar or turbulent flow, 77031; effect of non-uniform surface temperature distribution, 77031; effect of stratification of surroundings, 77031; effect of variable fluid properties, 69004; effect of vibrations, 77031; simplified correlation equation for atmospheric air, 77031

Free Spinning Nuts

see: Double Lock Nuts

Frequency

see also: Airforce Coefficients; Flutter Derivatives

Coincidence

effect on averaged radiation efficiency of isotropic rectangular plates, 02009

effect on radiation efficiency of isotropic rectangular plates in various modes, 02009

formulae for two values for orthotropic rectangular plates, 02009

for plate when phase velocity of fluid around it equals that of bending waves, 00002

Damped Natural

definition and formula, 22001, 77032

effect of fluid flow, 77032, 79025

Fundamental Natural

definition, 22001, 77032

Resonant

definition and formula, 22001, 77032

use to determine edge restraint for dynamically excited flat plates, 00002

Undamped Natural

see also: Box Structures; Buildings; Crossflow Heat Exchangers; Curved Rectangular Plates; Curved Sandwich Panels (Cores of Negligible Flexural Stiffness); Curved Specially-Orthotropic Rectangular Plates; Cylinders of Circular Section (Strength and Vibration); Flat Panels in General; Flat Rectangular Plates; Flat Sandwich Panels (Cores of Negligible Flexural Stiffness); Flat Specially-Orthotropic Rectangular Plates; Flat Specially-Orthotropic Square Plates; Flat Square Plates; Modal Density; Pipes with Internal Flow; Response of Buildings and Structures; Shell-And-Tube Heat Exchangers

definition and formula, 22001

Frequency Response

Aliasing and Folding Frequency

digital-to-analogue transformation, 04023, 92044

Cavity Aero-Acoustics

rectangular planform cavity in flat plate, 04023, 09001, 09002, 16004

Characteristics of Digital Equivalents of Analogue Filters

Bode diagrams of gain and phase for various, 92044

Definition, 74021

Measurements

use in parameter identification of linear systems, 90006, 93016

Non-Linear Systems, 84032

Use in Linear System Analysis and Design

see: Bode Diagram; Hall Chart; Inverse Nyquist Diagram; Nichols Chart; Nyquist Diagram

Fretting Fatigue

Aluminium Alloys

effect of alloy composition, 89004

effect of clamping pressure, 89004

effect of salt water environment, 89004

effect of shot peening, 19004

effect of surface coatings and treatments, 89004

Description of Process, 90031

crack position and direction of growth, 90031

effects of principal variables, 90031

in bolted joints, 96014

Effect on Cumulative Fatigue Damage

need to use appropriate constant amplitude data, 95006

using simple Palmgren-Miner rule for aluminium alloys, 69024

Effect on Endurance of Pin Joints, FAT A.05.02

Effect on Endurance of Steel Lugs With Clearance-Fit Pins, 82022

Failure Diagnosis, 90031

Methods of Alleviating or Avoiding Effects, 90031

Physical Nature, 86040, 90031

Selection of Coatings to Resist

see: Wear Resistant Surface Coatings and Treatments

Titanium Alloys

effect of shot peening, 19004

Titanium and Titanium Alloys

effect of alloy composition, 88027

effect of anodising, 88027

effect of clamping pressure, 88027

effect of salt water environment, 88027

effect of surface coatings and treatments, 88027

effect of temperature, 88027

Friction Coefficient

see also: Rolling Bearings; Self-Contained Bearing Assemblies; Skin Friction Drag

Accumulation of rainfall on runway surfaces, 19005

Aircraft Tyre on Wet/Dry or Contaminated Runway

see also: Rolling Friction Coefficient; Runways

consideration of tread material, 16008

definition, 16008

multiple-wheel undercarriages rolling or braking, 11004

Mumeter Mk 6: a continuous friction measuring device, TM 167

single tyre, 05011, 10015

snow-covered runway, 15008

surface deposit effects, 16008

tread pattern effects, 16008

yawed braked or unbraked rolling, 10002, 13007, 15007

Bearings of Various Types

typical behaviour with load and speed, 89044

typical values in rolling and rubbing bearings, 97019

Dry or Contaminated Runway Surface, 10002, 10003, 10004

Estimation for Aircraft Tyre on Wet/Dry or Contaminated Runway

effects of aircraft velocity, 16008

effects of runway surface texture grooving and wetness, 16008

effects of tyre inflation pressure and wear, 16008

multiple-wheel undercarriages rolling or braking, 11004, 13002

single tyre, 05011, 10015

Ground-test Machine, 10004

Influence of Zones in Contact Patch of Tyre on Wet Surface on Friction Coefficient, TM 211

Interference-Fit Collars, 68002

Rubber

see also: Reciprocating Seals

data for various surfaces, 16008

surface deposit effects, 16008

surface texture effects, 16008

temperature effects, 16008

Statistical Analysis of Aircraft/Ground-Test Machine Braked Experimental Data to Obtain

decelerating forces on multiple-wheel undercarriages, 11004

derivation of Friction Data Base for aircraft for which no data are available, 99015

derivation of Friction Data Base from existing data, 99015

derivation of method of analysing test results to create Friction Data Base, 99015

effect of limited wetness data on values from resulting Friction Data Base, 99015

example for aircraft with extensive data set available, 99015, 99016

example for aircraft with limited data set available, 99015, 99017

example for ground-test machine, 00018

examples for various aircraft types, 99015

examples for various ground test machines, 99015

explanation of Friction Data Base created from test data, 99015

including effects of aircraft velocity, 00018, 99015, 99016, 99017

including effects of runway surface texture and wetness, 00018, 99015, 99016, 99017

including effects of tyre inflation pressure, 00018, 99015, 99016, 99017

possibility of relationship between water depth and tyre/wet runway friction, 99015

prediction of value from analysis with chosen probability, 00018, 99015, 99016, 99017

use of Friction Data Base to predict stopping distance, 99015

Various Dry Rubbing Bearing Materials

carbon, polymer, thermoset, solid lubricant impregnated metal, 87007

sketches of typical behaviour with load and speed, 89044

Wheels and Tyres

sketch of typical behaviour with speed, 89044

Friction Factor

Coils of Various Geometries, 77029
Compressible Flow in Straight Ducts, 66027, 74029
Effect of Various Systematic Roughnesses in Straight Ducts, 79014, 82021
Incompressible Flow in Straight Ducts, 66027, 97007: approximate expressions for various tube inserts, 97007; calculation for twisted tape inserts, 95027; calculation for various systematic and random roughnesses, 82021; effect of duct cross-sectional shape, 82021; estimation of heat transfer from, 82021